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Latihan TOEFL Reading 1: Coral Reef Bleaching

Baca passage berikut dengan teliti, lalu kerjakan 15 soalnya. Jawaban dan pembahasan bisa dibuka setelah kamu mencoba sendiri.

Coral reefs, often called the rainforests of the sea, support roughly a quarter of all marine species despite covering less than one percent of the ocean floor. This productivity depends on a partnership between coral polyps and microscopic algae called zooxanthellae, which live inside the coral's tissue and supply it with food through photosynthesis in exchange for shelter and nutrients.

When ocean temperatures rise even slightly above their normal range for a sustained period, this partnership breaks down. Stressed coral expel the algae living in their tissue, causing the coral to lose both its main food source and its characteristic color. This event, known as bleaching, does not kill the coral immediately, but it leaves the colony vulnerable to disease and starvation. If warm conditions persist for several weeks, large sections of a reef can die off entirely.

Reef recovery is possible if temperatures return to normal quickly enough for the coral to reabsorb algae, but repeated bleaching events give reefs less time to recover between episodes. Scientists monitoring reefs in the Pacific have found that some coral species are more resistant to heat stress than others, and conservation efforts increasingly focus on identifying and protecting these more resilient colonies as a source for future reef restoration.

Soal

1. What is the main purpose of the passage?

  1. To compare coral reefs with rainforest ecosystems
  2. To describe how coral reefs form over geological time
  3. To explain the cause of coral bleaching and its consequences for reefs
  4. To argue that coral bleaching cannot be prevented
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: C. To explain the cause of coral bleaching and its consequences for reefs

Passage-nya membahas satu topik utama: sebab bleaching (paragraf 2) dan akibatnya bagi karang (paragraf 2-3). Opsi lain hanya menyentuh detail kecil atau membuat klaim yang tidak didukung teks.

2. According to the passage, zooxanthellae provide coral with

  1. resistance to rising temperatures
  2. a hard skeletal structure
  3. food through photosynthesis
  4. protection from predators
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: C. food through photosynthesis

Kalimat pertama paragraf 1 menyebutkan algae 'supply it with food through photosynthesis'. Kata kuncinya persis muncul di teks.

3. The word 'sustained' in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

  1. sudden
  2. minor
  3. unexpected
  4. continuous
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: D. continuous

'Sustained period' berarti periode yang berlangsung terus-menerus, bukan tiba-tiba atau kecil.

4. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that coral bleaching

  1. always results in the immediate death of the coral colony
  2. is caused primarily by ocean pollution
  3. is reversible if warm conditions do not last too long
  4. only affects coral in the Pacific Ocean
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: C. is reversible if warm conditions do not last too long

Paragraf 2 menyatakan bleaching 'does not kill the coral immediately', dan paragraf 3 menegaskan pemulihan mungkin terjadi jika suhu kembali normal cukup cepat.

5. Why does the author mention conservation efforts in the Pacific?

  1. To explain why the Pacific has fewer coral reefs than other oceans
  2. To give an example of how scientists are responding to coral bleaching
  3. To introduce a new theory about how coral reproduces
  4. To criticize current reef protection policies
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: B. To give an example of how scientists are responding to coral bleaching

Kalimat terakhir adalah contoh konkret dari respons ilmiah terhadap masalah yang dijelaskan sebelumnya.

6. The word 'productivity' in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

  1. ocean depth
  2. water temperature
  3. fishing activity
  4. biological richness
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: D. biological richness

'Productivity' di sini merujuk pada kekayaan/kesuburan biologis yang didukung coral reefs, bukan soal suhu atau kedalaman.

7. According to paragraph 1, what percentage of the ocean floor do coral reefs cover?

  1. Less than one percent
  2. Roughly a quarter
  3. About ten percent
  4. More than half
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: A. Less than one percent

Disebutkan eksplisit 'covering less than one percent of the ocean floor'.

8. According to paragraph 2, what happens to coral's color during bleaching?

  1. It turns permanently black
  2. It has no effect on color
  3. It becomes brighter
  4. It loses its characteristic color
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: D. It loses its characteristic color

Teks menyebut coral 'lose both its main food source and its characteristic color' saat bleaching.

9. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that coral without its algae is

  1. Completely unaffected by its environment
  2. Immune to future bleaching
  3. More vulnerable to disease and starvation
  4. Able to photosynthesize on its own
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: C. More vulnerable to disease and starvation

Teks menyebut coral yang stress 'leaves the colony vulnerable to disease and starvation'.

10. What is the function of paragraph 1 in relation to paragraph 2?

  1. It summarizes the entire passage
  2. It establishes the healthy relationship that paragraph 2 shows breaking down
  3. It contradicts the claims made in paragraph 2
  4. It provides a historical timeline unrelated to paragraph 2
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: B. It establishes the healthy relationship that paragraph 2 shows breaking down

Paragraf 1 menjelaskan kemitraan sehat karang-alga sebagai latar sebelum paragraf 2 menjelaskan bagaimana kemitraan itu rusak.

11. The word 'expel' in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

  1. absorb
  2. attract
  3. protect
  4. push out
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: D. push out

'Expel the algae' berarti mengusir/mengeluarkan algae dari jaringan karang.

12. According to paragraph 3, what allows a reef to recover from bleaching?

  1. Temperatures returning to normal quickly enough
  2. Removing all fish from the area
  3. Adding artificial coral
  4. Reducing sunlight permanently
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: A. Temperatures returning to normal quickly enough

Disebutkan 'Reef recovery is possible if temperatures return to normal quickly enough for the coral to reabsorb algae'.

13. What have scientists found regarding coral species in the Pacific?

  1. Coral in the Pacific cannot be studied
  2. Some species are more resistant to heat stress than others
  3. All species respond identically to heat
  4. No species can survive bleaching
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: B. Some species are more resistant to heat stress than others

Disebutkan eksplisit di paragraf 3 bahwa sebagian spesies lebih tahan stres panas.

14. It can be inferred that repeated bleaching events are especially harmful because

  1. They make coral immune to future stress
  2. They give reefs less time to recover between episodes
  3. They have no cumulative effect
  4. They only affect algae, not coral
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: B. They give reefs less time to recover between episodes

Paragraf 3 menyebut 'repeated bleaching events give reefs less time to recover between episodes'.

15. What is paragraph 3 mainly about?

  1. The possibility of reef recovery and current conservation efforts
  2. The economic value of coral reefs
  3. The initial cause of coral bleaching
  4. The chemical composition of coral
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: A. The possibility of reef recovery and current conservation efforts

Paragraf 3 fokus pada pemulihan reef dan upaya konservasi, bukan penyebab awal bleaching yang dijelaskan di paragraf 2.

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