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Latihan TOEFL Reading 8: Bioluminescence in the Deep Sea

Baca passage berikut dengan teliti, lalu kerjakan 15 soalnya. Jawaban dan pembahasan bisa dibuka setelah kamu mencoba sendiri.

Below about 200 meters, sunlight fades until the ocean is in near-total darkness, yet this zone is far from lifeless. A remarkable number of the organisms living there, from tiny plankton to fish and squid, produce their own light through a chemical reaction called bioluminescence, in which a molecule called luciferin reacts with oxygen to emit light with the help of an enzyme.

Bioluminescence serves several different purposes depending on the species. Some anglerfish use a glowing lure to attract prey close enough to capture, while certain squid release clouds of luminous liquid to confuse predators. Other organisms use flashes of light to startle attackers or to signal potential mates in an environment where visual communication would otherwise be impossible.

Because so little sunlight reaches these depths, scientists estimate that the majority of deep-sea species are capable of producing light in some form, making bioluminescence one of the most common forms of communication and survival in the ocean's largest habitat. Researchers continue to study the chemistry behind these reactions, partly because luciferin-based systems have practical applications in medical and biological research on land.

Soal

1. What is the passage primarily about?

  1. Detailing the history of ocean exploration technology
  2. Describing bioluminescence and its various functions in deep-sea organisms
  3. Explaining how sunlight travels through water
  4. Comparing squid ink to fish scales
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: B. Describing bioluminescence and its various functions in deep-sea organisms

Passage menjelaskan apa itu bioluminescence dan berbagai fungsinya bagi organisme laut dalam.

2. The word 'emit' in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

  1. block
  2. reflect
  3. give off
  4. absorb
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: C. give off

'Emit light' berarti memancarkan/mengeluarkan cahaya — 'give off' adalah sinonim terdekat.

3. According to paragraph 2, how do some anglerfish use bioluminescence?

  1. To attract prey with a glowing lure
  2. To breathe underwater
  3. To swim faster
  4. To warm their bodies
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: A. To attract prey with a glowing lure

Disebutkan eksplisit: anglerfish 'use a glowing lure to attract prey close enough to capture'.

4. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that bioluminescence is

  1. No longer being studied by scientists
  2. Rare among deep-sea creatures
  3. Common and plays a major role in deep-sea survival
  4. Only found in fish, not squid or plankton
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: C. Common and plays a major role in deep-sea survival

Teks menyebut 'majority of deep-sea species are capable of producing light' — ini menunjukkan bioluminescence sangat umum, bukan langka.

5. Why does the author mention 'practical applications in medical and biological research' in paragraph 3?

  1. To criticize current research funding
  2. To explain how luciferin is manufactured commercially
  3. To argue medical research is more important than ocean study
  4. To show that studying bioluminescence has value beyond marine biology
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: D. To show that studying bioluminescence has value beyond marine biology

Ini menunjukkan bahwa riset tentang bioluminescence punya manfaat praktis di luar bidang kelautan.

6. The word 'remarkable' in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

  1. completely ordinary
  2. notably impressive or unusual
  3. dangerous
  4. extremely small
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: B. notably impressive or unusual

'A remarkable number of the organisms' menekankan jumlah yang mengesankan/tidak biasa.

7. According to paragraph 1, what molecule reacts with oxygen to produce bioluminescent light?

  1. Chlorophyll
  2. Melanin
  3. Luciferin
  4. Hemoglobin
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: C. Luciferin

Disebutkan eksplisit 'a molecule called luciferin reacts with oxygen to emit light'.

8. According to paragraph 2, how do certain squid use bioluminescence to escape predators?

  1. By turning invisible
  2. By producing loud sounds
  3. By changing their body shape
  4. By releasing clouds of luminous liquid to create confusion
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: D. By releasing clouds of luminous liquid to create confusion

Disebutkan squid 'release clouds of luminous liquid to confuse predators'.

9. It can be inferred that bioluminescence serves

  1. Only one universal purpose across all species
  2. No real survival function
  3. A purely decorative function
  4. Multiple different survival functions depending on the species
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: D. Multiple different survival functions depending on the species

Paragraf 2 menyebut fungsi berbeda-beda (menarik mangsa, mengelabui predator, sinyal kawin) tergantung spesiesnya.

10. Why does the author describe several different uses of bioluminescence in paragraph 2?

  1. To compare bioluminescence with sunlight
  2. To illustrate the variety of ways this ability benefits different deep-sea organisms
  3. To criticize current research methods
  4. To argue only anglerfish use bioluminescence
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: B. To illustrate the variety of ways this ability benefits different deep-sea organisms

Beberapa contoh diberikan untuk menunjukkan keragaman fungsi kemampuan ini di antara spesies berbeda.

11. The word 'startle' in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

  1. to comfort gently
  2. to feed regularly
  3. to surprise or frighten suddenly
  4. to communicate slowly
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: C. to surprise or frighten suddenly

'Startle attackers' berarti mengejutkan/menakuti penyerang secara tiba-tiba.

12. According to paragraph 3, what proportion of deep-sea species can produce light, based on scientists' estimates?

  1. Less than five percent
  2. None at all
  3. The majority
  4. Exactly half
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: C. The majority

Disebutkan 'the majority of deep-sea species are capable of producing light in some form'.

13. What practical field is mentioned as benefiting from luciferin research?

  1. Weather forecasting
  2. Agriculture
  3. Medical and biological research
  4. Deep-sea mining
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: C. Medical and biological research

Disebutkan eksplisit 'luciferin-based systems have practical applications in medical and biological research'.

14. It can be inferred that bioluminescence research continues partly because

  1. It is no longer considered scientifically interesting
  2. It has applications useful outside of marine biology
  3. Scientists have already learned everything about it
  4. It only matters for aquarium design
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: B. It has applications useful outside of marine biology

Manfaat praktis di bidang medis menjadi salah satu alasan riset ini terus dilanjutkan.

15. What is paragraph 2 mainly about?

  1. The classification of squid species
  2. The chemistry behind light production
  3. The discovery of the ocean's darkest zones
  4. The different functions bioluminescence serves for various deep-sea species
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: D. The different functions bioluminescence serves for various deep-sea species

Paragraf 2 fokus membahas berbagai fungsi bioluminescence bagi spesies berbeda, bukan kimianya (itu di paragraf 1).

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