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Latihan TOEFL Reading 10: Echolocation in Bats

Baca passage berikut dengan teliti, lalu kerjakan 15 soalnya. Jawaban dan pembahasan bisa dibuka setelah kamu mencoba sendiri.

Many bat species navigate and hunt in complete darkness using echolocation, a process in which the animal emits high-frequency sound pulses and listens for the echoes that bounce back off nearby objects. By analyzing the time delay and pattern of these returning echoes, a bat can build a detailed picture of its surroundings, including the size, shape, texture, and even the direction of movement of potential prey.

The sounds bats produce for echolocation are typically far higher in pitch than humans can hear, which is why bat calls often go unnoticed despite being quite loud at close range. Different species have evolved calls suited to their hunting style: bats that chase fast-moving insects in open air tend to use long, narrow-frequency calls, while bats that hunt in cluttered environments, such as dense forests, use shorter, broadband calls that provide more detailed information over short distances.

Interestingly, some moths and other insects have evolved the ability to detect the ultrasonic calls of hunting bats, allowing them to take evasive action such as sudden dives or erratic flight patterns. This evolutionary back-and-forth between predator and prey has been studied as a clear example of what biologists call an evolutionary arms race.

Soal

1. What is the passage primarily about?

  1. Describing bat habitats around the world
  2. Comparing bats to birds
  3. Arguing that bats are dangerous to humans
  4. Explaining how bat echolocation works and its evolutionary context
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: D. Explaining how bat echolocation works and its evolutionary context

Passage menjelaskan mekanisme echolocation (paragraf 1-2) dan konteks evolusinya dengan mangsa (paragraf 3).

2. The word 'broadband' in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

  1. covering a wide range of frequencies
  2. visible to the human eye
  3. very quiet
  4. extremely long in duration
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: A. covering a wide range of frequencies

'Broadband calls' merujuk pada panggilan yang mencakup rentang frekuensi luas, memberi informasi lebih detail.

3. According to paragraph 1, what can a bat determine from returning echoes?

  1. Size, shape, texture, and movement direction of objects
  2. The color of an object
  3. The temperature of the air
  4. Only the distance of an object
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: A. Size, shape, texture, and movement direction of objects

Disebutkan eksplisit: bat dapat membangun gambaran 'size, shape, texture, and even the direction of movement' dari mangsanya.

4. It can be inferred that bats hunting in cluttered environments like forests need calls that

  1. Travel very long distances
  2. Provide detailed information over short distances
  3. Are identical to open-air hunting calls
  4. Are lower pitched than human hearing
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: B. Provide detailed information over short distances

Paragraf 2 menyebut bat di lingkungan padat menggunakan 'shorter, broadband calls that provide more detailed information over short distances'.

5. Why does the author mention moths detecting bat calls in paragraph 3?

  1. To compare moths with other insects
  2. To give an example of an evolutionary arms race between predator and prey
  3. To argue moths are smarter than bats
  4. To explain how moths reproduce
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: B. To give an example of an evolutionary arms race between predator and prey

Ini adalah contoh konkret dari 'evolutionary arms race' yang disebut di kalimat terakhir.

6. The word 'cluttered' in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

  1. filled with many obstacles
  2. extremely quiet
  3. completely empty
  4. brightly lit
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: A. filled with many obstacles

'Cluttered environments, such as dense forests' menggambarkan lingkungan yang penuh halangan fisik.

7. According to paragraph 1, what does a bat analyze to build a picture of its surroundings?

  1. The taste of its prey
  2. The temperature of the air
  3. The time delay and pattern of returning echoes
  4. The color of nearby objects
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: C. The time delay and pattern of returning echoes

Disebutkan eksplisit bat 'analyzing the time delay and pattern of these returning echoes'.

8. According to paragraph 2, why do bat calls often go unnoticed by humans despite being loud?

  1. Because the calls are extremely quiet
  2. Because bats rarely use echolocation
  3. Because bats only call at night
  4. Because they are typically higher in pitch than humans can hear
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: D. Because they are typically higher in pitch than humans can hear

Disebutkan suara bat 'far higher in pitch than humans can hear' sehingga tak terdengar meski keras.

9. It can be inferred that bats hunting fast-moving insects in open air use calls that are

  1. Silent
  2. Short and broadband
  3. Long and narrow in frequency range
  4. Identical to forest-hunting bat calls
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: C. Long and narrow in frequency range

Disebutkan bat pemburu di udara terbuka 'tend to use long, narrow-frequency calls'.

10. Why does the author compare bats that hunt in open air with those that hunt in cluttered environments in paragraph 2?

  1. To criticize bats that hunt in forests
  2. To argue one hunting style is superior
  3. To show how call type is adapted to a species' specific hunting environment
  4. To explain how moths hunt
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: C. To show how call type is adapted to a species' specific hunting environment

Perbandingan ini menunjukkan bagaimana jenis panggilan echolocation menyesuaikan dengan lingkungan berburu masing-masing spesies.

11. The word 'evasive' in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to

  1. completely random
  2. extremely slow
  3. intended to attack directly
  4. intended to avoid or escape something
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: D. intended to avoid or escape something

'Evasive action' berarti tindakan untuk menghindar/melarikan diri dari ancaman.

12. According to paragraph 3, what evasive actions do moths take when detecting bat calls?

  1. Changing color
  2. Making loud sounds
  3. Hiding underground
  4. Sudden dives or erratic flight patterns
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: D. Sudden dives or erratic flight patterns

Disebutkan eksplisit ngengat melakukan 'sudden dives or erratic flight patterns'.

13. What term do biologists use to describe the predator-prey relationship between bats and moths?

  1. A symbiotic partnership
  2. An evolutionary arms race
  3. A food chain collapse
  4. A migratory pattern
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: B. An evolutionary arms race

Disebutkan eksplisit para biolog menyebut ini 'an evolutionary arms race'.

14. It can be inferred that moths capable of detecting bat calls have

  1. No relationship to bat predation
  2. A survival advantage over moths that cannot detect them
  3. No advantage at all
  4. A disadvantage compared to other moths
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: B. A survival advantage over moths that cannot detect them

Kemampuan mendeteksi panggilan bat memungkinkan ngengat menghindar, memberi keuntungan bertahan hidup.

15. What is paragraph 3 mainly about?

  1. The biology of moth wings
  2. The diet of insect-eating birds
  3. The history of bat research
  4. How some insects have evolved to detect and evade bat echolocation
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: D. How some insects have evolved to detect and evade bat echolocation

Paragraf 3 berfokus pada evolusi ngengat mendeteksi dan menghindari echolocation bat.

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