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Latihan TOEFL Reading 11: Quantum Entanglement

Baca passage berikut dengan teliti, lalu kerjakan 15 soalnya. Jawaban dan pembahasan bisa dibuka setelah kamu mencoba sendiri.

When two particles become entangled, measuring a property of one particle instantaneously determines the corresponding property of the other, regardless of the distance separating them. This phenomenon, first described mathematically in the 1930s, troubled Albert Einstein so deeply that he referred to it as 'spooky action at a distance,' since it appeared to violate the principle that no influence could travel faster than the speed of light.

Decades of experiments, however, have consistently confirmed that entanglement is a genuine feature of quantum systems rather than an artifact of incomplete theory. Crucially, entanglement cannot be used to transmit information faster than light, because the outcome of any individual measurement remains random; only when two observers later compare their results through conventional communication does the correlation between their measurements become apparent.

This peculiar property has moved beyond theoretical curiosity into practical application. Quantum cryptography exploits entanglement to detect eavesdropping, since any attempt to intercept an entangled particle disturbs its state in a detectable way. Researchers are also investigating entanglement as a foundation for quantum computing, where entangled particles could allow certain calculations to be performed far more efficiently than on classical computers.

Soal

1. What is the passage primarily about?

  1. Describing Einstein's life and major discoveries
  2. Comparing classical and quantum computers in detail
  3. Arguing that quantum mechanics is fundamentally flawed
  4. Explaining quantum entanglement and its move from theoretical puzzle to practical application
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: D. Explaining quantum entanglement and its move from theoretical puzzle to practical application

Passage mengikuti alur: fenomena entanglement yang membingungkan Einstein → konfirmasi eksperimental → aplikasi praktisnya.

2. The word 'artifact' in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

  1. A side effect or byproduct of a flawed method
  2. A computer program
  3. A type of measurement device
  4. An ancient historical object
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: A. A side effect or byproduct of a flawed method

'Artifact of incomplete theory' berarti efek samping dari teori yang belum sempurna, bukan fenomena nyata.

3. According to paragraph 1, why did entanglement trouble Einstein?

  1. It proved that particles do not exist
  2. It contradicted the theory of gravity
  3. It was too difficult to calculate mathematically
  4. It appeared to violate the principle that no influence travels faster than light
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: D. It appeared to violate the principle that no influence travels faster than light

Disebutkan eksplisit fenomena ini 'appeared to violate the principle that no influence could travel faster than the speed of light'.

4. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that entanglement cannot be used for faster-than-light communication because

  1. Light itself is required to entangle particles
  2. Entangled particles decay too quickly to be useful
  3. Individual measurement outcomes remain random until compared through normal communication
  4. Governments have banned its use for communication
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: C. Individual measurement outcomes remain random until compared through normal communication

Disebutkan hasil pengukuran individual tetap acak, korelasinya baru terlihat setelah dibandingkan lewat komunikasi biasa.

5. Why does the author mention quantum cryptography in paragraph 3?

  1. To criticize current internet security methods
  2. To argue that cryptography will replace quantum computing
  3. To explain how classical encryption works
  4. To give a concrete practical application of entanglement
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: D. To give a concrete practical application of entanglement

Ini contoh aplikasi nyata dari entanglement di dunia keamanan data.

6. The word 'eavesdropping' in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to

  1. Secretly intercepting or listening to communication
  2. Repairing damaged equipment
  3. Openly broadcasting a signal
  4. Measuring temperature changes
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: A. Secretly intercepting or listening to communication

'Eavesdropping' berarti menyadap/mencuri dengar komunikasi secara diam-diam.

7. According to paragraph 3, what happens when someone tries to intercept an entangled particle?

  1. Its state is disturbed in a detectable way
  2. Nothing detectable occurs
  3. The particle disappears instantly
  4. The measurement becomes more accurate
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: A. Its state is disturbed in a detectable way

Disebutkan eksplisit upaya intersepsi 'disturbs its state in a detectable way'.

8. According to paragraph 1, when was entanglement first mathematically described?

  1. In the 1990s
  2. In ancient Greece
  3. In the 1800s
  4. In the 1930s
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: D. In the 1930s

Disebutkan eksplisit 'first described mathematically in the 1930s'.

9. It can be inferred that quantum computing's potential advantage over classical computing involves

  1. Requiring no electricity at all
  2. Being immune to all forms of error
  3. Eliminating the need for measurement entirely
  4. Performing certain calculations more efficiently using entangled particles
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: D. Performing certain calculations more efficiently using entangled particles

Disebutkan entangled particles 'could allow certain calculations to be performed far more efficiently'.

10. What is the relationship between paragraph 1 and paragraph 2?

  1. Paragraph 2 summarizes the entire passage
  2. Paragraph 2 confirms experimentally what paragraph 1 describes as theoretically troubling
  3. Paragraph 2 contradicts the claims made in paragraph 1
  4. Paragraph 2 introduces an entirely unrelated topic
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: B. Paragraph 2 confirms experimentally what paragraph 1 describes as theoretically troubling

Paragraf 2 memberi bukti eksperimental atas fenomena yang membingungkan Einstein di paragraf 1.

11. The word 'exploits' in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to

  1. Criticizes harshly
  2. Makes practical use of
  3. Destroys completely
  4. Ignores entirely
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: B. Makes practical use of

'Exploits entanglement' berarti memanfaatkan entanglement secara praktis.

12. According to paragraph 2, what confirms that entanglement is a genuine feature of quantum systems?

  1. Decades of experiments
  2. Einstein's own writings
  3. Computer simulations alone
  4. A single mathematical proof
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: A. Decades of experiments

Disebutkan eksplisit 'decades of experiments... have consistently confirmed' fenomena ini.

13. According to paragraph 3, what do researchers hope entangled particles could enable?

  1. Wireless electricity transmission
  2. Faster-than-light travel
  3. Elimination of all computer errors
  4. More efficient quantum computing calculations
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: D. More efficient quantum computing calculations

Disebutkan peneliti menyelidiki entanglement sebagai dasar komputasi kuantum yang lebih efisien.

14. It can be inferred that before extensive experimentation, some scientists considered entanglement to be

  1. Already fully applied in technology
  2. Irrelevant to physics
  3. Definitely a hoax
  4. Possibly an artifact of an incomplete theory
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: D. Possibly an artifact of an incomplete theory

Paragraf 2 menyebut eksperimen mengonfirmasi entanglement 'rather than an artifact of incomplete theory' — menyiratkan sebelumnya ada keraguan semacam itu.

15. What is paragraph 3 mainly about?

  1. The speed of light in a vacuum
  2. The mathematical proof of entanglement
  3. The history of Einstein's objections to quantum mechanics
  4. Practical applications of quantum entanglement in cryptography and computing
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: D. Practical applications of quantum entanglement in cryptography and computing

Paragraf 3 fokus pada aplikasi praktis entanglement, bukan sejarah atau bukti matematis.

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