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Latihan TOEFL Reading 14: The Byzantine Empire's Legal Legacy

Baca passage berikut dengan teliti, lalu kerjakan 15 soalnya. Jawaban dan pembahasan bisa dibuka setelah kamu mencoba sendiri.

When Emperor Justinian I commissioned a systematic compilation of Roman law in the sixth century CE, he could hardly have anticipated that the resulting text, known as the Corpus Juris Civilis, would influence legal systems more than a thousand years later. The compilation organized centuries of scattered imperial edicts and juristic writings into a coherent, internally consistent body of law.

Although the Byzantine Empire itself eventually fell in 1453, the Corpus Juris Civilis survived through manuscript copies preserved largely in Western European monasteries. Its rediscovery and systematic study during the eleventh and twelfth centuries, particularly at the University of Bologna, sparked a revival of interest in Roman legal principles across medieval Europe.

This revival profoundly shaped the development of civil law traditions that continue to underlie legal systems throughout much of continental Europe, Latin America, and parts of Asia today. Common law systems, such as those in England and its former colonies, developed somewhat independently, but even they absorbed certain Roman law concepts through indirect channels, illustrating how a single ancient legal compilation could echo across radically different legal traditions for centuries.

Soal

1. What is the passage primarily about?

  1. Tracing the influence of Justinian's legal compilation on later legal systems
  2. Describing the fall of the Byzantine Empire in detail
  3. Explaining how the University of Bologna was founded
  4. Comparing common law and criminal law systems
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: A. Tracing the influence of Justinian's legal compilation on later legal systems

Passage menelusuri jejak pengaruh Corpus Juris Civilis dari zaman Justinian hingga sistem hukum modern.

2. The word 'coherent' in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

  1. Extremely brief
  2. Completely random
  3. Written in multiple languages
  4. Logically organized and consistent
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: D. Logically organized and consistent

'Coherent, internally consistent body of law' berarti tersusun logis dan konsisten.

3. According to paragraph 1, what did the Corpus Juris Civilis organize?

  1. Trade agreements between empires
  2. Religious texts exclusively
  3. Only military records
  4. Centuries of scattered imperial edicts and juristic writings
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: D. Centuries of scattered imperial edicts and juristic writings

Disebutkan eksplisit kompilasi ini mengorganisir 'centuries of scattered imperial edicts and juristic writings'.

4. According to paragraph 2, where were manuscript copies of the Corpus Juris Civilis largely preserved?

  1. Byzantine palaces exclusively
  2. Chinese imperial libraries
  3. They were not preserved at all
  4. Western European monasteries
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: D. Western European monasteries

Disebutkan eksplisit naskah itu 'preserved largely in Western European monasteries'.

5. It can be inferred that Justinian, according to paragraph 1, likely did not expect

  1. His compilation to be written in Latin
  2. Roman law to be based on earlier edicts
  3. His legal compilation to influence legal systems more than a thousand years later
  4. The Byzantine Empire to ever fall
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: C. His legal compilation to influence legal systems more than a thousand years later

Kalimat pembuka menyebut ia 'could hardly have anticipated' pengaruh jangka panjang ini.

6. Why does the author mention the University of Bologna in paragraph 2?

  1. To argue that the university invented Roman law
  2. To explain how the Byzantine Empire was governed
  3. To identify a specific place where renewed study of Roman law began
  4. To compare it with modern law schools
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: C. To identify a specific place where renewed study of Roman law began

Universitas ini disebut sebagai tempat spesifik kebangkitan studi hukum Romawi dimulai.

7. The word 'revival' in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

  1. A renewed interest in or return to something
  2. A military invasion
  3. A type of legal punishment
  4. A complete destruction of something
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: A. A renewed interest in or return to something

'Revival of interest' berarti minat yang dihidupkan kembali.

8. According to paragraph 3, which legal traditions still show influence from this revival?

  1. Only the legal system of the Byzantine Empire
  2. Only religious legal codes
  3. Civil law traditions across continental Europe, Latin America, and parts of Asia
  4. No modern legal systems
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: C. Civil law traditions across continental Europe, Latin America, and parts of Asia

Disebutkan eksplisit tradisi hukum sipil di wilayah-wilayah ini masih dipengaruhi kebangkitan tersebut.

9. It can be inferred that common law systems, according to paragraph 3,

  1. Are completely identical to civil law systems
  2. Were created before Roman law existed
  3. Rejected all Roman legal influence entirely
  4. Developed somewhat independently but still absorbed some Roman law concepts
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: D. Developed somewhat independently but still absorbed some Roman law concepts

Disebutkan common law 'developed somewhat independently' namun tetap 'absorbed certain Roman law concepts'.

10. What is the function of paragraph 3 in relation to paragraph 2?

  1. It contradicts the claims made in paragraph 2
  2. It summarizes paragraph 1 only
  3. It extends the story of the Corpus Juris Civilis's influence into the modern era
  4. It shifts to an entirely unrelated topic
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: C. It extends the story of the Corpus Juris Civilis's influence into the modern era

Paragraf 3 melanjutkan cerita pengaruh dokumen ini hingga ke sistem hukum modern.

11. The word 'absorbed' in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to

  1. Incorporated or took in
  2. Sold commercially
  3. Completely rejected
  4. Destroyed entirely
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: A. Incorporated or took in

'Absorbed certain Roman law concepts' berarti menyerap/mengadopsi konsep-konsep tersebut.

12. According to paragraph 1, in what century did Justinian commission this compilation?

  1. The fifteenth century CE
  2. The first century BCE
  3. The twentieth century CE
  4. The sixth century CE
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: D. The sixth century CE

Disebutkan eksplisit 'in the sixth century CE'.

13. According to paragraph 2, when did the Byzantine Empire fall?

  1. 1453
  2. 1066
  3. 800
  4. 1900
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: A. 1453

Disebutkan eksplisit 'the Byzantine Empire itself eventually fell in 1453'.

14. It can be inferred that the survival of the Corpus Juris Civilis depended significantly on

  1. Modern printing technology
  2. Manuscript preservation efforts independent of the empire's political survival
  3. Oral tradition alone
  4. The empire's continued political existence
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: B. Manuscript preservation efforts independent of the empire's political survival

Dokumen itu bertahan melalui salinan manuskrip meski kekaisarannya sendiri sudah runtuh.

15. What is paragraph 2 mainly about?

  1. The founding of Rome
  2. The daily life of Byzantine citizens
  3. The military campaigns of Justinian
  4. The survival and rediscovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis after the Byzantine Empire's changes
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: D. The survival and rediscovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis after the Byzantine Empire's changes

Paragraf 2 fokus pada bagaimana dokumen ini bertahan dan ditemukan kembali.

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