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Latihan TOEFL Reading 18: The Enlightenment and Political Philosophy

Baca passage berikut dengan teliti, lalu kerjakan 15 soalnya. Jawaban dan pembahasan bisa dibuka setelah kamu mencoba sendiri.

The eighteenth-century intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment fundamentally reshaped European political thought by championing reason, individual rights, and skepticism toward inherited authority as the proper foundations for governance. Philosophers such as John Locke argued that legitimate political power derived not from divine right or hereditary privilege but from the consent of the governed.

Locke's writings, along with those of Montesquieu and Rousseau, articulated ideas that would later influence the American and French Revolutions, including the doctrines of natural rights, the separation of governmental powers, and the social contract, a theoretical agreement in which individuals surrender certain freedoms in exchange for the protection and order provided by organized government.

Critics both then and since have noted significant tensions and limitations within Enlightenment political philosophy, particularly regarding whose rights and voices were actually included in these supposedly universal principles. Many Enlightenment thinkers, despite championing equality in the abstract, held views that excluded women, enslaved people, and colonized populations from the full rights they described, a contradiction that later generations would continue to grapple with as they reinterpreted and expanded these founding principles.

Soal

1. What is the passage primarily about?

  1. Explaining Enlightenment political philosophy's core ideas and its later contradictions and limitations
  2. Comparing European and Asian governance systems
  3. Arguing that the American Revolution was unjustified
  4. Describing the complete biography of John Locke
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: A. Explaining Enlightenment political philosophy's core ideas and its later contradictions and limitations

Passage menjelaskan ide inti filsafat politik Enlightenment lalu keterbatasan dan kontradiksinya.

2. The word 'skepticism' in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

  1. A type of governmental system
  2. Complete and unquestioning belief
  3. A questioning or doubting attitude
  4. A legal document
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: C. A questioning or doubting attitude

'Skepticism toward inherited authority' berarti sikap meragukan otoritas yang diwariskan.

3. According to paragraph 1, where did Locke argue legitimate political power derived from?

  1. Hereditary privilege alone
  2. Divine right
  3. The consent of the governed
  4. Military conquest
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: C. The consent of the governed

Disebutkan eksplisit kekuasaan politik sah berasal 'from the consent of the governed'.

4. According to paragraph 2, which revolutions were later influenced by these Enlightenment ideas?

  1. The American and French Revolutions
  2. Only the Russian Revolution
  3. Only the Industrial Revolution
  4. No revolutions were influenced
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: A. The American and French Revolutions

Disebutkan eksplisit kedua revolusi ini kemudian dipengaruhi ide-ide tersebut.

5. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the social contract is

  1. Unrelated to Enlightenment philosophy
  2. A theoretical framework, not a literal historical document
  3. An actual physical document signed by all citizens
  4. A modern legal contract used in business
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: B. A theoretical framework, not a literal historical document

Disebutkan eksplisit ini 'a theoretical agreement', bukan dokumen fisik yang benar-benar ditandatangani.

6. Why does the author mention Montesquieu and Rousseau in paragraph 2?

  1. To compare their personal lives in detail
  2. To criticize their writing styles
  3. To identify other philosophers whose ideas contributed to Enlightenment political doctrines
  4. To argue that Locke's ideas were entirely original and unrelated to others
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: C. To identify other philosophers whose ideas contributed to Enlightenment political doctrines

Mereka disebut sebagai filsuf lain yang tulisannya turut membentuk doktrin politik Enlightenment.

7. The word 'articulated' in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

  1. Physically constructed
  2. Secretly hidden
  3. Clearly expressed or formulated
  4. Completely destroyed
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: C. Clearly expressed or formulated

'Articulated ideas' berarti merumuskan/menyampaikan gagasan secara jelas.

8. According to paragraph 3, who did many Enlightenment thinkers' supposedly universal principles actually exclude?

  1. Only religious minorities
  2. Women, enslaved people, and colonized populations
  3. No one; the principles were fully universal
  4. Only wealthy landowners
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: B. Women, enslaved people, and colonized populations

Disebutkan eksplisit ketiga kelompok ini dikecualikan dari hak penuh yang dideskripsikan.

9. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that later generations

  1. Continued to reinterpret and expand upon Enlightenment principles to address earlier exclusions
  2. Applied these principles perfectly from the start
  3. Completely rejected all Enlightenment ideas
  4. Never questioned the limitations of these philosophies
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: A. Continued to reinterpret and expand upon Enlightenment principles to address earlier exclusions

Disebutkan generasi berikutnya 'continue to grapple with as they reinterpreted and expanded these founding principles'.

10. What is the function of paragraph 3 in relation to paragraphs 1 and 2?

  1. It complicates the earlier positive portrayal by addressing contradictions and limitations
  2. It is entirely unrelated to the earlier paragraphs
  3. It simply repeats the content of paragraphs 1 and 2
  4. It fully confirms without any complication
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: A. It complicates the earlier positive portrayal by addressing contradictions and limitations

Paragraf 3 memperkenalkan kritik dan keterbatasan yang mempersulit gambaran positif di paragraf sebelumnya.

11. The word 'grapple with' in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to

  1. To struggle to understand or address a difficult issue
  2. To celebrate an achievement
  3. To physically build something
  4. To completely ignore an issue
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: A. To struggle to understand or address a difficult issue

'Grapple with' berarti bergulat/berjuang memahami dan mengatasi isu sulit.

12. According to paragraph 1, what did the Enlightenment champion as proper foundations for governance?

  1. Religious authority exclusively
  2. Military strength alone
  3. Reason, individual rights, and skepticism toward inherited authority
  4. Divine right and hereditary privilege
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: C. Reason, individual rights, and skepticism toward inherited authority

Disebutkan eksplisit ketiga hal ini dijunjung sebagai fondasi pemerintahan yang tepat.

13. According to paragraph 2, what doctrine involves surrendering certain freedoms for governmental protection?

  1. The social contract
  2. The doctrine of hereditary privilege
  3. The doctrine of divine right
  4. Natural rights alone
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: A. The social contract

Ini definisi social contract yang diberikan langsung di paragraf 2.

14. It can be inferred that the 'tensions' mentioned in paragraph 3 refer to

  1. The gap between the universal principles Enlightenment thinkers described and who was actually included
  2. Military conflicts between European nations
  3. Disagreements about mathematical theories
  4. Disputes over religious doctrine unrelated to politics
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: A. The gap between the universal principles Enlightenment thinkers described and who was actually included

Tensi ini merujuk pada kesenjangan antara prinsip universal yang diucapkan dan siapa yang benar-benar tercakup.

15. What is paragraph 1 mainly about?

  1. Explaining Montesquieu's separation of powers doctrine in detail
  2. Introducing the Enlightenment's core political ideas and Locke's argument about legitimate power
  3. Detailing colonial governance structures
  4. Describing the French Revolution's timeline
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan

Jawaban: B. Introducing the Enlightenment's core political ideas and Locke's argument about legitimate power

Paragraf 1 memperkenalkan ide inti Enlightenment dan argumen Locke tentang kekuasaan sah.

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