Kosakata TOEFL 12: Advanced Science & Research Terminology

empirical (adj) — empiris

based on observation or experiment rather than theory

The claim lacks empirical support and remains purely speculative.

anomaly (n) — anomali, penyimpangan

something that deviates from what is standard or expected

Researchers noticed an anomaly in the data that warranted further investigation.

paradigm (n) — paradigma

a typical pattern or model of something

The discovery represented a paradigm shift in how scientists understood the disease.

rigorous (adj) — ketat, teliti

thorough, careful, and exact

The findings were based on a rigorous experimental design.

correlation (n) — korelasi

a mutual relationship or connection between two variables

The study found a strong correlation between sleep quality and academic performance.

causation (n) — kausalitas

a direct cause-and-effect relationship

Establishing causation requires more than simply observing a correlation.

longitudinal (adj) — longitudinal (studi jangka panjang)

relating to a study conducted over a long period of time

The longitudinal study tracked participants' health over three decades.

variable (n) — variabel

a factor that can change or be changed in an experiment

The researchers controlled for several variables that might have influenced the results.

skew (v) — membuat bias, mencondongkan

to distort data in a particular direction

A small sample size can skew the results significantly.

replicate (v) — mereplikasi, mengulang

to repeat an experiment to verify its results

Other laboratories were unable to replicate the original findings.

inherent (adj) — melekat, bawaan

existing as a natural or basic part of something

There is an inherent difficulty in measuring subjective experiences like pain.

plausible (adj) — masuk akal

seeming reasonable or probable

The researchers proposed several plausible explanations for the anomaly.