Kosakata TOEFL 15: Advanced Psychology & Cognition

cognition (n) — kognisi

the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding

The study examines how aging affects cognition over time.

introspection (n) — introspeksi

the examination of one's own thoughts and feelings

Through careful introspection, she realized the source of her anxiety.

cognitive bias (n phrase) — bias kognitif

a systematic pattern of deviation from rational judgment

Confirmation bias is a common cognitive bias that affects decision-making.

subconscious (adj/n) — bawah sadar

relating to mental processes occurring without one's awareness

Some researchers argue that many decisions are shaped by subconscious influences.

innate (adj) — bawaan, alami

existing from birth rather than acquired

Some psychologists argue that certain fears are innate rather than learned.

plasticity (n) — plastisitas

the capacity of the brain to change and adapt

Neural plasticity allows the brain to reorganize itself after injury.

stimulus (n) — stimulus, rangsangan

something that provokes a response or reaction

The experiment measured reaction time to a visual stimulus.

inhibition (n) — inhibisi, penghambatan

the restraining of an impulse or desire

Alcohol is known to reduce inhibition, leading to riskier behavior.

empathy (n) — empati

the ability to understand and share another's feelings

The therapist demonstrated remarkable empathy toward her clients.

conditioning (n) — pengondisian

a behavioral process in which a response becomes associated with a stimulus

The dog's behavior was shaped through classical conditioning.

perception (n) — persepsi

the way something is understood or interpreted through the senses

Cultural background can significantly shape one's perception of a situation.

resilience (n) — resiliensi, ketahanan

the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties

Psychologists study resilience to understand how some individuals cope better with adversity.