Kosakata TOEFL 16: Advanced Philosophy & Logic

premise (n) — premis

a statement taken as true, used as a basis for an argument

The entire argument rests on a flawed premise.

fallacy (n) — kekeliruan logika

a mistaken belief based on unsound reasoning

Attacking the speaker instead of the argument is a common logical fallacy.

paradox (n) — paradoks

a statement that seems self-contradictory but may express a truth

The liar's paradox has puzzled philosophers for centuries.

empiricism (n) — empirisisme

the theory that knowledge comes primarily from sensory experience

Empiricism holds that all knowledge is derived from experience.

determinism (n) — determinisme

the belief that all events are determined by previously existing causes

Determinism raises difficult questions about the existence of free will.

skepticism (n) — skeptisisme

an attitude of doubting the truth of claims

Philosophical skepticism questions whether certain knowledge is possible at all.

dialectic (n) — dialektika

a method of argument through dialogue involving contradictory viewpoints

Socratic dialectic proceeds through a series of questions and answers.

axiom (n) — aksioma

a statement regarded as self-evidently true

The proof begins from a set of basic axioms.

inference (n) — inferensi

a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning

The detective made a reasonable inference from the available clues.

ontology (n) — ontologi

the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of being

The seminar explored questions of ontology and what it means to exist.

relativism (n) — relativisme

the view that truth or morality is relative to context

Cultural relativism argues that moral standards vary across societies.

coherent (adj) — koheren

logical and consistent

The philosopher presented a coherent argument for her position.